Category: Education

Over time, lines under the eyes appear due to different reasons. Most of them stem from the loss of collagen and elastin during the aging process. It is a fact that we can’t reverse the aging process and its impact on our skin. However, knowing how to get rid of lines under eyes is a valuable skill indeed. Follow this guide to master preventing and getting rid of eye wrinkles.

What Causes Wrinkles Under Eyes

Lines under the eyes (or crow’s feet) can be attributed to various causes and their joint influence. Here are some common reasons for their development:

Aging

The aging process leads to a gradual breakdown of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin. As a result, the skin becomes less firm and elastic, with static and dynamic wrinkles visible on different face areas.

Sun Exposure

Sun exposure for long periods dries out the skin and makes signs of aging more visible. UV rays damage collagen and elastin fibers and cause under eye wrinkles.

Dehydration

Lack of hydration can make the skin dull and more prone to wrinkles. When the skin is well hydrated, it is more supple and resilient, and fine line visibility is reduced. 

Smoking

This harmful habit is associated with premature skin aging. Smoking increases collagen and elastin breakdown and accelerates the development of wrinkles, including those around the eyes.

Genetics

Genetic factors determine many skin characteristics, such as skin elasticity and the tendency to wrinkle. If your parents have a tendency to develop eye wrinkles, you may be more predisposed to them as well.

Repeated Facial Expressions

Facial movements and expressions, such as squinting, smiling, or frowning, contribute to the formation of fine lines under eyes.

Lack of Sleep

Inadequate sleep affects skin health and contributes to the appearance of lines under eyes. During deep sleep, the body rejuvenates the skin, and a lack of sleep hinders this essential process.

Poor Diet

Nutrient deficiencies and a diet lacking in antioxidants can impact the skin’s health and appearance. Antioxidants help protect the skin from oxidative stress and shield the skin from premature aging. 

When it comes to skin health, polyphenols are one of the most powerful antioxidants. If you want to improve skin vitality and reduce wrinkles around eyes, try VANA. Its liquid formula is rich in polyphenols, other vital antioxidants, and organic herbal ingredients that are beneficial for skin health and overall wellness. 

Allergies and Irritants

Allergic reactions or exposure to irritating substances usually lead to inflammation, puffiness, and the development of fine lines under the eyes.

Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations, especially during menopause, can affect the skin’s elasticity and contribute to the formation of wrinkles.

How to Get Rid of Lines Under Eyes

If prevention measures come too late, don’t worry. It’s never too late to get rid of under eye wrinkles! Fortunately, there are effective strategies available to tackle them head-on. Let’s check out these strategies in detail:

Retinol

Retinol is a derivative of vitamin A. It is well-known as a potent agent for reducing lines under eyes. Retinol enhances collagen production and promotes skin elasticity. It also accelerates cell turnover, aiding in the removal of old, damaged skin cells and encouraging the growth of new ones. This process results in smoother skin texture and diminished fine lines.

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the skin that is crucial for maintaining moisture and suppleness. As we age, hyaluronic acid levels decrease, which leads to the formation of lines under eyes. Applying products with hyaluronic acid hydrates and plumps the skin by attracting and retaining water molecules. This results in a more youthful appearance and reduced visibility of eye wrinkles. Hyaluron serves as one of the most effective methods for restoring skin hydration and combating the signs of aging in the delicate eye area.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that is crucial for skin health. It promotes collagen synthesis, enhances skin elasticity, and reduces the appearance of lines under the eyes. Along with hyaluronic acid and retinol, it is a popular ingredient in many anti-aging products.

Peptides

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that serve as building blocks for proteins like collagen and elastin in the skin. They work by signaling the skin to boost its natural regeneration processes. Skincare products containing peptides stimulate collagen production, promote skin firmness, and reduce lines under the eyes.

L-Glutamine

L-glutamine is an amino acid that is essential for the formation of the skin’s proteins. While not as extensively studied as some other skincare ingredients, L-glutamine can be a valuable agent for skin regeneration. This amino acid helps to decrease the appearance of wrinkles under the eyes by stimulating cellular repair and renewal. 

Genistein

Genistein is a polyphenolic compound found in soybeans. It is known for its strong antioxidant and anti-aging properties. As an isoflavone, genistein helps prevent eye wrinkles through collagen synthesis and inhibition of enzymes that cause skin aging. Its antioxidant nature protects the skin from free radical damage. 

Troxerutin

Troxerutin is a flavonoid from the Japanese pagoda tree with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is known for its potential to strengthen blood vessels and improve circulation. By minimizing inflammation and improving vascular health, it contributes to a more youthful appearance. 

Face Massage and Yoga

Face massages and facial yoga exercises can help reduce lines under the eyes by promoting blood circulation, relaxing facial muscles, and improving skin elasticity. Massaging the face stimulates lymphatic drainage, which aids in the removal of toxins and reduces puffiness. Facial yoga involves targeted exercises to tone and tighten facial muscles, which result in a more youthful appearance. While scientific evidence on their efficacy is limited, one thing is sure – they will not worsen your eye wrinkles.

Summary

Lines under the eyes are not something you necessarily have to accept. If none of the above measures help, you can choose one of the more invasive but effective anti-aging treatments. Hyaluronic acid fillers, Botox injections, and laser treatments are the most powerful solutions in the fight against these annoying signs of aging.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

Why do I have lines under my eyes at 15?

There are a few culprits for premature skin aging. One of the most important factors is genetics. It determines your skin’s characteristics to a large degree. However, it is not the only reason why some people experience premature aging. Stressful experiences, a lack of sleep and hydration, and extreme exposure to UV rays are also some of the causes.

 

Are eye lines permanent?

Lines under eyes can be persistent, but they aren’t necessarily permanent. Consistent skincare, along with a healthy lifestyle, can mitigate and even diminish their appearance. While complete removal may be challenging, proactive measures can significantly reduce the visibility of lines under eyes.

 

What causes eye bag lines?

Eye bag lines result from a combination of factors that reduce skin elasticity. As we age, the skin loses collagen and elastin. It also gradually loses firmness and the ability to bounce back. This, coupled with genetic predispositions, usually causes eye bags and lines. Fluid retention, allergies, and lifestyle factors like lack of sleep and dehydration can intensify their visibility.

 

Can retinol reverse fine lines?

Yes, retinol can effectively address fine lines by stimulating collagen production and promoting skin cell turnover. It encourages the formation of new skin cells while minimizing the breakdown of collagen. That results in the diminished appearance of fine lines. Regular use of retinol-based products has been scientifically proven to prevent and reduce fine lines under the eyes.

What is telomerase, and what is a telomerase inhibitor? To answer these questions, we must start from the very beginning – from understanding telomeres. Stay tuned until the end of this guide to learn more.

What Are Telomeres?

Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of linear chromosomes. They serve as protective caps that prevent the gradual shortening of genetic material during cell division. As plastic tips on shoelaces, they preserve the integrity and stability of chromosomes.

Telomeres are a good indicator of cellular age, as their length diminishes with each cell division. When they are so short that they cannot shorten any more, it comes to cell death. Enzymes called telomerase prevent this shortening. Telomerase adds repetitive DNA sequences to the telomeres, thereby maintaining cellular longevity.

Shortened telomeres are associated with aging and various age-related diseases, as they compromise genomic stability. 

Telomerase and Aging

In situations where telomerase activity is insufficient, such as in many somatic cells, telomeres progressively shorten, ultimately leading to apoptosis (programmed cell death). This link between telomerase and aging is evident in tissues with limited regenerative capacity (brain, spinal cord, heart, and joints), where diminished telomerase activity contributes to aging and age-related illnesses.

Telomerase Activator vs. Telomerase Inhibitor

Telomerase activators are substances that stimulate the activity of telomerase. They enhance the enzyme’s ability to add repetitive DNA sequences to telomeres. By supporting telomerase activity, these activators have been explored for their potential to delay cellular aging and extend the lifespan of cells. While research in this area is ongoing, some studies suggest that telomerase activation may have implications for age-related disorders and overall health.

On the other hand, telomerase inhibitors suppress telomerase activity. Inhibition of the enzyme telomerase has been researched as a potential cancer treatment. Cancer cells often exhibit high levels of telomerase activity, which allows them to maintain their telomeres. The purpose of these scientific endeavors is to selectively target and disrupt the proliferation of cancer cells while sparing normal, healthy cells. Managing telomerase activity in cancer cells represents a promising strategy for developing more effective anti-cancer treatments.

What Affects Telomere Length?

A person’s telomere length is determined by genetics, oxidative stress, and numerous lifestyle habits. Below is a breakdown of the most significant contributors:

Genetic Factors

The genetic code dictates the production and function of the enzyme telomerase, and variations in these genes result in limited telomerase activity. Consequently, individuals with genetically determined low telomerase activity experience an accelerated rate of telomere attrition. That process leads to cellular aging and different diseases.

Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. This imbalance impacts telomere length. ROS, generated during normal cellular processes or in response to external factors, can induce oxidative damage to telomeric DNA. This damage, if not adequately repaired, accelerates the natural shortening of telomeres during each cell division. The cumulative effect of oxidative stress over time causes telomere attrition, which leads to accelerated aging.

Body Weight

Obesity is associated with shorter telomeres. Elevated body weight can cause chronic, mild inflammation and increased oxidative stress, both of which contribute to telomere shortening. This could be explained by the impact of adipose tissue on systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. In this regard, maintaining a healthy body weight could positively influence telomere length, slow cellular aging, and reduce associated health risks.

Exercise

Physical activity has been linked to the preservation of telomeres and enhanced telomerase activity. Results of regular exercise, such as improved cellular repair mechanisms and reduced oxidative stress, cause the same effects. There are still molecular pathways that need to be clarified. However, it is pretty clear that maintaining an active lifestyle contributes to slowing down the cellular aging process and promoting overall health.

Smoking

The toxic substances in cigarette smoke induce oxidative stress and accelerate the shortening of telomeres. Additionally, smoking contributes to chronic inflammation and DNA damage, which increase telomere attrition.

It has been established that smokers have shorter telomeres compared to non-smokers. This association underscores the detrimental effects of smoking on cellular aging and highlights the importance of smoking cessation for overall health and longevity.

To Conclude

As scientific research on telomerase inhibitors continues, we eagerly anticipate new, groundbreaking discoveries. In the meantime, there is an opportunity to enhance our health through positive lifestyle habits. It will allow us to improve our health while awaiting the latest advancements in telomerase research.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

What kills telomerase?

There are a number of factors that can inhibit telomerase. The most important telomerase inhibitor is the natural aging process, where cells experience reduced telomerase activity over time. Certain environmental factors, such as chronic exposure to oxidative stress, can negatively impact telomerase function. Some therapeutic strategies for cancer target and inhibit telomerase activity to induce telomere shortening in rapidly dividing cancer cells. 

 

What happens if telomerase is blocked?

If telomerase is blocked, the major consequence is telomere shortening during cell division. Telomeres naturally shorten with each round of cell replication. Blocking telomerase impedes the enzyme’s role in maintaining telomere length, leading to progressive shortening. Eventually, critically short telomeres trigger cellular senescence (programmed cell death), limiting the cell’s replicative potential. This process is crucial for preventing the uncontrolled growth of damaged cells, yet it can also help with aging and age-related diseases.

 

What shortens telomeres?

Telomeres naturally shorten with each round of cell division due to the inherent limitations of the DNA replication process. Environmental factors, like oxidative stress, significantly accelerate this process. Besides oxidative stress, lifestyle influences like obesity, smoking, and sedentary habits have been associated with shorter telomeres. For cellular health and longevity, it is vital to mitigate these influences.

 

What vitamins protect telomeres?

Certain vitamins protect telomeres from oxidative stress. Vitamins C and E are antioxidants that help neutralize harmful free radicals, reducing the oxidative damage that accelerates telomere shortening. Vitamin D, B12, and B9 have also been associated with longer telomeres, though the precise mechanisms are still unknown. A balanced and nutritious diet rich in these vitamins, along with other powerful antioxidants, may contribute to maintaining telomere length and slowing down the cellular aging process.

 

How do polyphenols affect telomeres?

Polyphenols achieve positive effects on telomeres through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. For example, resveratrol is a potent polyphenol that has been associated with increased telomerase activity. Apart from their strong anti-aging properties, polyphenols are a valuable resource to improving overall health and body vitality. Here you can find out more about polyphenols in the VANA Smart Liquid® formula.

Have you ever wondered about the interaction between NAC and glutathione? It is no coincidence that these terms are often used together. We have prepared this guide to clarify the role of glutathione and NAC in the body but also to underscore the differences between these antioxidants. Let’s begin with their structure and functions:

What Are Glutathione, NAC, and Cysteine?

Cysteine is an amino acid with a sulfur group. This amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds that maintain protein structure. A cysteine derivative, NAC, is responsible for restoring intracellular cysteine levels necessary for glutathione synthesis.

Glutathione is a tripeptide antioxidant that consists of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine. It boosts immune function, protects cells from oxidative stress, and detoxifies the body. One of the essential building blocks for the synthesis of glutathione is N-acetylcysteine, or NAC.

Active and Inactive Glutathione

There are two forms of glutathione within cells: active (reduced glutathione) and inactive (oxidized glutathione). In its active state, glutathione is a potent antioxidant. It counteracts free radicals to save cells from oxidative damage. An active state is essential for cellular defense, optimal immune function, and cell detoxification. However, glutathione becomes inactive after neutralizing free radicals. To maintain optimal cellular function, it’s crucial to restore inactive glutathione back into its active state. 

Benefits of Glutathione and NAC

The synergy between NAC and glutathione has a strong impact on the body’s resilience. Studies have discovered that supplementation with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione positively influences respiratory health, liver function, and cognitive abilities.

The combination of NAC and glutathione has been associated with optimal homocysteine levels, a marker associated with cardiovascular health. In the context of respiratory health, NAC has demonstrated efficacy in improving lung function and mitigating symptoms in several respiratory conditions. 

NAC vs. Glutathione – Which Supplements Should I Take?

If you want to choose an appropriate supplement regimen, you need to understand the main differences between NAC and glutathione.

While NAC is easily absorbed by the body and stimulates glutathione production, direct supplementation with glutathione has its benefits. However, its absorption is questionable, and its effectiveness may vary. As a precursor, NAC can be a more efficient option for boosting intracellular glutathione levels.

When deciding between NAC and glutathione supplements, it’s essential to consider your health goals and potential side effects. NAC is generally well-tolerated, but excessive doses may lead to gastrointestinal problems. On the other hand, glutathione supplementation may cause issues due to its limited absorption. 

For some people, taking glutathione and NAC together is the best supplementation strategy. This method ensures antioxidant protection with glutathione and supports sustained glutathione production with NAC. 

What Increases Glutathione Levels?

It is well known that higher levels of glutathione improve cellular health. The best way to take glutathione is through a healthy dietary plan that includes foods rich in sulfur, vitamin C, and lots of vegetables. In this way, the combination of diverse nutrients supports both the synthesis and recycling of glutathione. There are several dietary and lifestyle factors that can contribute to this enhancement.

As sulfur is an essential component of glutathione, sulfur-containing foods are particularly beneficial. Consuming sulfur-rich foods such as eggs, spinach, green asparagus, almonds, okra, broccoli, cauliflower, onions, nuts, and legumes provides the necessary substances for glutathione synthesis. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound found in turmeric, may stimulate glutathione production as well.

Vitamin C also helps maintain optimal glutathione levels. Foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and kiwi, contribute to the recycling of oxidized glutathione, ensuring its sustained efficacy. A unique combination of nutrients in avocado makes it another quality source of glutathione.

Factors That Reduce Glutathione Levels

Several factors impact cellular health and contribute to a reduction in glutathione levels. Here is an overview of factors that reduce glutathione levels:

1. Aging: The natural aging process is followed by a decline in glutathione levels. Over time, the body’s ability to synthesize and recycle this antioxidant gradually decreases.
2. Smoking: This harmful habit contributes to decreased glutathione levels in the body. Smoking causes oxidative stress, which depletes existing glutathione and inhibits its further synthesis.
3. Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake has also been linked to reduced glutathione levels. An excessive level of oxidative stress from alcohol exceeds the body’s antioxidant capacity.
4. Pollution: Environmental pollutants deplete glutathione levels by increasing oxidative stress and reducing its availability.
5. Exercise: As a result of increased metabolic demands and oxidative stress during physical activity, glutathione levels may temporarily decrease. However, the body increases the production of glutathione to compensate for this lack.

Summing Up

As both antioxidants have valuable advantages, it could be challenging to decide between NAC and glutathione. Therefore, taking both NAC and glutathione supplements may be the most effective approach. NAC will supply enough material to create new glutathione, and direct glutathione supplementation will immediately increase its levels in circulation.

 

Frequently Asked Question

 

Is NAC better than glutathione?

The efficacy of NAC and glutathione depends on your health goals. NAC, as a precursor, provides cysteine essential for glutathione synthesis. On the other hand, direct supplementation with glutathione is beneficial for its instant increase. Both antioxidants are valuable for promoting cellular health and body defense mechanisms.

 

How long does it take for NAC to increase glutathione?

Supplement dosage and metabolic rate affect the time it takes for NAC to increase glutathione levels. Studies suggest that significant increases in glutathione may be observed after one month of consistent NAC supplementation. While the timeline can differ for NAC vs. glutathione intake, NAC gradually elevates cellular antioxidant defenses over this period. 

 

Does NAC build collagen?

NAC contributes to collagen synthesis indirectly by supporting glutathione production. While it doesn’t directly generate collagen, NAC supports this process by maintaining cellular health and improving glutathione’s antioxidant effects.

 

Does NAC increase testosterone?

Certain studies suggest a positive correlation between NAC treatment and increased testosterone levels. After NAC supplementation, there were significant improvements in sperm count, motility, hormonal profiles, and higher testosterone levels. Its antioxidant properties may contribute to this positive effect by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. While these findings are encouraging, further research is required to figure out a definitive connection between NAC supplementation and testosterone levels.

 

Does NAC affect sleep?

N-acetylcysteine may influence the rhythm of wakefulness and sleep through the activation of cellular antioxidant pathways. NAC increases cellular antioxidant capacity and contributes to the biochemical processes associated with sleep. According to data, intraperitoneal injection of NAC accelerated the onset of sleep and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) delta power, especially when sleep drive was naturally high.

 

In the world of cosmetic products, familiar ingredients like hyaluronic acid, collagen, and retinoids often take the spotlight. Yet, there’s a rising star worth your attention – beta-glucan. Below, we reveal all the beta-glucan benefits for skin. Don’t miss out on this skincare guide.

What Is Beta-Glucan?

Beta-glucan is a polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate composed of glucose molecules linked through beta-glycosidic bonds. It is commonly found in bacteria, fungi, algae, and cereals such as oats and barley.

Structurally diverse, beta-glucans exhibit different molecular weights and branching patterns. As biological response modifiers, these polysaccharides are renowned for immunomodulatory properties.

In the human body, beta-glucans engage with immune macrophages and dendritic cells and influence immune responses. Notably, beta-glucans enhance host defense mechanisms by promoting phagocytosis, cytokine production, and overall immune system activation. Apart from benefits for the immune system, they are potent in lowering cholesterol levels and supporting cardiovascular health. 

Beta-Glucan Benefits for Skin

Similar to hyaluronic acid, beta-glucan is a common ingredient in skincare products and brings a range of advantages for the skin. Here is an overview of its effects:

Boost Hydration

As a polysaccharide, beta-glucan possesses a hydrophilic nature. This is how it attracts and retains water molecules. Upon application, this polysaccharide forms a hydrating film on the skin’s surface and reduces transepidermal water loss.

Besides, it stimulates the skin’s own hyaluronic acid production, which is essential for moisture retention. This mechanism improves immediate moisture levels and contributes to long-term skin health.

Anti-Aging Effects

Molecules of beta-glucan interact with skin cells called fibroblasts to stimulate collagen synthesis. Enhanced collagen production results in improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkle visibility.

Its immunomodulatory properties also support the skin’s defense mechanisms, protecting against free radicals and environmental damage. The activation of macrophages and cytokine production further supports tissue repair and regeneration, which is vital in slowing the aging process. 

Calming Abilities

Beta-glucan activates macrophages, immune cells that release anti-inflammatory molecules. This modulates the skin’s immune response, reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

On the other hand, beta-glucan interacts with receptors on the skin’s surface and inhibits the activation of inflammatory pathways. In this way it mitigates skin redness, sensitivity, and discomfort. This is why beta-glucan is an indispensable ingredient in formulations for sensitive skin.

Repairs Skin Barrier

This potent polysaccharide enhances the synthesis of ceramides, essential lipids that constitute the skin barrier. The accelerated production of ceramide reinforces the structural integrity of the skin barrier.

Apart from this, beta-glucan stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, a basic building block of the epidermis. Its interaction with macrophages further supports the removal of dead cells, facilitating efficient skin renewal. The result is a strengthened and resilient skin barrier, which is necessary for preserving optimal skin health and function.

Promotes Healing Wounds

Human skin possesses remarkable regenerative capabilities, and beta-glucan significantly contributes to the process of wound healing. When skin is exposed to beta-glucan, it stimulates a complex response.

First of all, it can activate the most important immune cells, macrophages. It initiates the clearance of waste particles and potential pathogens from the wound site. Besides, it promotes fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. These processes are responsible for the formation of a structurally sound extracellular matrix. As a result, tissue regeneration is accelerated, and wounds are easily closed.

Protecting Skin Microbiome

The skin microbiome consists of various bacteria, fungi, viruses, micro-eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteriophages. Beta-glucan skin benefits extend to the protection and maintenance of the skin microbiome. 

By influencing macrophages, this bioactive compound helps regulate the skin’s response to microbial changes. It promotes beneficial microorganisms while preventing harmful pathogens from growing.

Due to a stronger skin barrier, there is also less chance for potentially harmful substances to penetrate. 

How to Use Beta-Glucan?

A variety of beta-glucan products are available in creams, serums, and lotions. Cleanse your face before using moisturizers or serums with beta-glucan. Apply a product evenly to the skin and gently massage it in to enhance absorption. Given its compatibility with other skincare ingredients, beta-glucan can be seamlessly integrated into both morning and evening care.

Products containing beta-glucan address diverse skin concerns, from hydration to soothing and repairing damaged skin. By using beta-glucan consistently, you’ll get sustained benefits for your skin.

The Bottom Line

As a potent polysaccharide, beta-glucan is used to treat various skin concerns. Whether used separately or in combination with other ingredients, beta-glucan is a valuable component in preserving skin vitality.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

Is beta-glucan better than hyaluronic acid?

Both compounds contribute to skin hydration, but beta-glucan benefits extend beyond mere moisture retention. This polysaccharide enhances the skin’s natural defenses and promotes collagen synthesis. It also boosts hydration, skin health, and resilience. While hyaluronic acid retains water molecules, beta-glucan is a valuable component of a thorough skincare regimen.

 

Is beta-glucan good for acne skin?

Beta-glucan demonstrates great effects on acne-prone skin. The immunomodulatory properties of this polysaccharide reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne. Besides, it promotes wound healing, which is helpful in the recovery of acne lesions. As a multifunctional ingredient, its ability to soothe, repair the skin barrier, and enhance overall skin health makes it a valuable addition to skincare routines for acne-prone skin.

 

Does beta-glucan help eczema?

Beta-glucan is highly effective in the treatment of eczema. This potent polysaccharide alleviates the immune response and symptoms of eczema, such as redness and itching. Its ability to strengthen the skin barrier contributes to improved resilience against external factors, which is especially important for conditions like eczema.

 

Does beta-glucan clog pores?

Since beta-glucan is non-comedogenic, it won’t clog your pores. Its lightweight molecular structure makes it suitable for different skin types. 

 

Can I use beta-glucan and retinol together?

Beta-glucan and retinol provide complementary benefits when taken together. Both ingredients have distinct functions in skincare. While beta-glucan supports skin health and hydration, retinol promotes collagen synthesis and cell turnover. Additionally, beta-glucan can mitigate skin sensitivity and irritation that may occur with the first use of retinol.

The skin barrier is the outer covering that protects the skin from external influences and helps it retain moisture. Daily exposure to harmful agents can damage the skin barrier and impair skin health. Fortunately, there are effective methods for repairing the skin barrier that boost the skin’s excellent regenerative abilities.

What Is a Skin Barrier?

The skin barrier or stratum corneum, is the outer layer of the epidermis responsible for maintaining skin integrity. It is composed of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. This barrier serves as the body’s primary defense against external influences. Flattened, dead skin cells called corneocytes are densely arranged to create a shield. Simultaneously, the lipid matrix, composed of ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol, functions like a mortar to seal the intercellular spaces.

They prevent excessive water loss, inhibit the entry of pathogens and toxins, and protect the underlying tissues from external influences. Injuries or inflammatory conditions can disrupt the skin barrier and compromise its function. This is reflected in increased susceptibility to infections, dehydration, and dermatological issues. 

What Destroys Skin Barrier?

There are external and internal causes of a damaged skin barrier. The major reason is environmental influences – exposure to UV radiation, pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. These elements can disrupt the balance of the skin’s lipid matrix, dehydrate skin and impair their function.

Certain skin care practices, like the excessive use of harsh cleansers or exfoliants, can strip away essential lipids and compromise the integrity of the skin barrier.

As we age, collagen and elastin production decrease, resulting in skin barrier damage. Smoking and chronic stress cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered lipid metabolism. This leads to premature aging and damages epidermis integrity.

Other than that, inflammatory skin conditions, like eczema and psoriasis, also contribute to the breakdown of the skin barrier. These conditions disrupt the function of corneocytes and impair lipid synthesis.

Signs of Damaged Skin Barrier

If you discover any unusual changes in your skin, a damaged skin barrier may be the reason. Below, you’ll find a range of signs indicating an impaired skin barrier:

• Heightened sensitivity: Redness and a burning sensation upon application of skin care products that you normally use.
• Increased dryness and flakiness: Reflect weakened moisture retention.
• Rough or uneven texture: Indicative of a weakened skin barrier.
• More pronounced static and dynamic wrinkles: A result of decreased skin elasticity.
• Persistent red patches and acne: Arise due to inflammation and impaired barrier function.
• Susceptibility to infections: A weak barrier makes it harder to resist environmental stressors.

Skin Barrier Repair Advice

There are effective ways to fortify and nourish your skin with proper skincare and healthy lifestyle habits. You can strengthen your skin barrier by following these strategies:

Refrain From Exfoliation and Face Cleaners

Exfoliants can remove the outer layer of the epidermis and damage the barrier’s integrity. On the other hand, frequent use of face cleaners may disrupt the lipid matrix, even on oily skin. This is why avoiding exfoliation and harsh cleansers is the first step towards restoring the skin barrier. If your skin barrier is damaged, skip these practices for a while.

Reduce Skin Inflammation

Inflammation triggers the release of cytokines, mediators of the immune system. When released, they induce excessive proliferation of keratinocytes. This process disturbs the skin’s ability to retain moisture and defend against external factors. Products with ingredients like green tea, calendula, and ceramides can be helpful in alleviating this condition.

Follow a Proper Skincare Routine

When your skin barrier is damaged, the most potent tool is proper skincare. Natural cosmetic products contain vitamins, minerals and antioxidants essential for skin health. Instead of cleansing and exfoliating, focus on proper hydration and skin nutrition. Here are the proven ingredients you can try for strengthening the skin barrier:

• Hyaluronic acid – Hydrates and plumps the skin; reinforce the skin barrier through moisture retention.
• Niacinamide (vitamin B3) – Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and supports cellular repair.
• Glycerine – Acts as a humectant, attracting and retaining moisture.
• Panthenol – Improves hydration and soothes the skin.
• Fatty acids – Restore the lipid barrier and enhance skin suppleness and protection.
• Chamomile extract – Calms the skin, reduces inflammation and improves its resilience.
• Aloe vera – Hydrates, reduces inflammation, and promotes a healthy complexion.
• Shea butter – Rich in fatty acids that moisturize and nourish the skin.
• Jojoba oil – Acts as the skin’s natural oils, supporting skin barrier repair.
• Licorice root extract – Its antimicrobial properties help with redness, scars, and inflammation.
• Coconut oil – As other natural oils, effectively hydrates and nourishes the skin.

Ingredients in skincare products that can further disrupt the skin barrier:

• Retinoic acid – When the skin barrier is damaged, it can exacerbate irritation and dryness.
• Hydroxy acid – Although they are a common ingredient in peels and are widely used in the reduction of age spots and fine lines, hydroxy acids shouldn’t use people with a damaged skin barrier. They can increase sensitivity and thinning of the skin barrier. 
• Alkaline products – Disrupt the skin’s natural pH levels and further impair the functionality of the skin barrier.
• Parabens – Have the potential to cause skin irritation and increase sensitivity, which enhances the vulnerability of skin barrier.
• Formaldehyde – Formaldehyde is well known for its ability to irritate and sensitize skin, and it could worsen a weakened skin barrier.
• Isobutyl – As a synthetic ingredient, it may cause irritation and hinder the skin’s ability to repair.

Use Quality Moisturizer

Skin hydrators replenish essential lipids and help skin maintain optimal hydration levels. Effective ingredients in a quality moisturizer work synergistically to attract and retain moisture within the epidermis. That prevents transepidermal water loss and skin dryness. Apart from keeping skin moist, hydrators reinforce the lipid matrix, an important component in maintaining a strong skin barrier. 

Eat Healthy and Stay Hydrated

Unhealthy lifestyle habits affect the health and appearance of your skin. As dehydration can affect the skin’s barrier, drink enough water to maintain optimal skin hydration. 

Antioxidants like vitamins A, C, and E protect the skin from oxidative damage. They induce cellular repair and regeneration, which contributes to skin barrier repair.

Fish oil and other forms of omega-3 fatty acids promote the production of skin lipids, which also leads to gradual restoring of skin barrier.

Nourish From The Inside

Combining food supplements with effective skin care products is a safe way to treat a damaged skin barrier. Apart from fatty acids and antioxidants, there are other bioactive compounds that improve skin health. Here are the ones with most potent influence for the skin:

• Collagen peptides: Contains amino acids vital for skin structure.
• Zinc: Promotes healing, increases collagen production, and supports immune function.
• Probiotics: Influence inflammation responses and improve skin barrier health.
• Polyphenol supplements: Boost collagen and elastin production, shielding the skin from oxidative stress and inflammation. VANA’s Smart Liquid™ formula is based on polyphenols and potent herbal ingredients. It is an effective way to protect your skin from further damage and diminish signs of aging. The advantages of VANA extend beyond skin resilience. Here you can find out more about the health benefits.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

How long does it take to restore skin barrier?

The time for restoring the skin barrier depends on the severity of the damage and the effectiveness of the chosen products to restore the skin barrier. In mild cases, improvements may be noticeable within a few days to a week. However, in cases of chronic conditions or dermatological issues, the process may extend over several weeks to months. It is important to consistently use skincare products that are suitable for your skin type.

How do I know if my skin barrier is damaged?

Restoring the skin barrier starts with recognizing various warning signs. Common symptoms include heightened sensitivity, redness, flakiness, and a rough skin texture. If you experience persistent dryness, increased susceptibility to irritants, or frequent skin infections, it is a clear indicator of a damaged skin barrier. 

What not to use when repairing skin barrier?

It is advisable to stay away from specific skincare products and procedures when trying to heal damaged skin. Avoid aggressive exfoliants, as they may make irritation worse and disrupt the skin’s balance. Products containing alcohol, strong fragrances, and artificial ingredients should also be avoided, as they can strip away natural oils and further compromise the skin barrier. Instead, choose gentle, hydrating formulations that feed skin without causing additional stress to the damaged barrier.

Does vitamin C damage skin barrier?

Vitamin C does not damage the skin barrier; in fact, it contributes to skin health. However, in some cases, high concentrations or low pH levels in vitamin C formulations may cause irritation or a stinging sensation, particularly on a damaged skin barrier. Quality vitamin C formulations can boost collagen production, antioxidant defense, and overall skin health.

Apigenin is a bioactive compound abundantly present in chamomile and parsley. It is widely known for strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Apigenin benefits extend beyond physical health – it is recognized for potent sedative, antidepressant, and sleep promoting effects. In this guide, we will discuss all the benefits of apigenin in detail. Let us begin with exploring its structure and role in the human body.

What Is Apigenin?

Apigenin belongs to the group of flavones – a subgroup of compounds naturally present in plants, called flavonoids. Its chemical structure consists of a benzopyrone ring system with the molecular formula C15H10O5. Apigenin’s biological effects arise from its ability to modulate cellular pathways and interact with proteins. It is known to exert influence on enzymatic activity within cells, affecting inflammation, cell growth, and other processes.

It is absorbed through passive diffusion in the small intestine. Apigenin bioavailability  can be affected by the food matrix, formulation, and the presence of other dietary components. Besides, variations in individual metabolism and genetic factors influence the degree of bioavailability of apigenin.

Apigenin Health Benefits

Numerous studies have confirmed the health benefits of apigenin, revealing its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Here is the overview of apigenin benefits:

Longevity

Apigenin exerts anti-aging effects by increasing NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) levels. NAD+ is a crucial coenzyme involved in cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling. In the human body, its levels naturally decrease during the aging process. Studies suggest that apigenin may stimulate NAD+ biosynthesis, promote cellular resilience, and contribute to cell longevity. However, further clinical studies are necessary to elucidate the accurate mechanisms underlying apigenin’s impact on NAD+ and its implications for promoting longevity.

Anticancer Effects

This potent flavonoid demonstrates potential anti-cancer effects through multifaceted mechanisms.  Apigenin’s impact on suppressing cell proliferation is attributed to its ability to modulate various signaling pathways essential for cancer growth.

Scientific studies indicate that apigenin promotes apoptosis, a programmed cell death. That is how it can contribute to limited survival of cancer cells. On the other hand, apigenin induces autophagy (a cellular recycling process), which may further hinder their proliferation.

Cardiovascular Health

Anti-inflammatory properties of apigenin could help counteract inflammation linked to cardiovascular diseases. Its antioxidant abilities may protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Apigenin also influences lipid metabolism, which contributes to lower lipid levels and improved cardiovascular profiles. Apart from that, its ability to dilate blood vessels could enhance blood flow and help regulate high blood pressure. 

Testosterone Production 

Testosterone regulates various physiological processes in both males and females. It is responsible for developing male reproductive tissues and preserving bone density and muscle mass. Apigenin has garnered notable attention for its potential effects on testosterone production. While research in this area is ongoing, certain findings imply that apigenin may influence testosterone levels by modulating enzymes involved in steroidogenesis (the process of generating steroid hormones).

Cognitive Function

This bioactive compound has an influence on reducing neuroinflammation, a factor linked to cognitive decline. Neuroprotective effects of apigenin stem from its antioxidant capabilities. It shields neurons from oxidative stress and damage and may provide protection from chronic neurodegenerative disorders. While further research is needed, the evidence implies that apigenin may be a useful agent for preserving cognitive function by improving multiple aspects of brain health.

Depression and Anxiety

Enzymes called monoamine oxidases (MAOs) break down neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, responsible for mood, circadian rhythm, and memory. Apigenin inhibits these enzymes and increases the availability of neurotransmitters. This process leads to enhanced mood which might be beneficial for alleviating anxiety and depression.

Apart from that, apigenin interacts with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates anxiety and stress responses. The interaction between apigenin and GABA receptors provides calming effects. Besides, its anti-inflammatory properties may reduce neuroinflammation associated with mood disorders.

Sleep

Apigenin impacts sleep quality by interacting with the melatonin receptor system. This interaction increases the production and release of melatonin, a hormone crucial for regulating circadian rhythm. The potential of apigenin to influence melatonin pathways represents a promising solution for addressing sleep-related issues and improving overall sleep quality.

Insulin Secretion

A case study indicates that apigenin may enhance pancreatic beta-cell function, which results in improved insulin secretion. This impact on insulin levels is particularly relevant for individuals aiming to enhance their metabolic fitness. Besides, apigenin may be a relevant agent in the context of preventing and controlling metabolic disorders like insulin resistance, prediabetes, and chronic diabetes.

Bone Function

Osteoblast activity is essential for mineralizing new bones and maintaining their structural integrity. Anti-inflammatory properties of apigenin may mitigate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and thereby improve mineral density. This mechanism contributes to maintaining skeletal integrity and reducing the risk of fractures. While further investigation is necessary, these findings highlight apigenin’s potential for preventing conditions like osteoporosis and osteopetrosis.

Apigenin Foods

The most common association to apigenin is chamomile tea. However, it is present in many other vegetables, fruits, spices, and beverages as well. The other apigenin foods and spices include:

• Parsley
• Celery
• Apples
• Oranges
• Onions
• Bell peppers
• Olives
• Artichokes
• Kale
• Spinach
• Horseradish
• Beets
• Thyme
• Oregano
• Coriander
• Kumquats
• Mint
• Basil
• Rosemary
• Even certain beers

Apigenin Side Effects

While apigenin is generally considered safe, excessive intake may lead to side effects. Some individuals may experience stomach discomfort, especially if taken on an empty stomach. There is a possibility of allergic reactions as well, so it is essential to monitor for signs of sensitivity. When choosing the right dose, it is critical to consider specific health conditions and potential drug interactions. 

Conclusion

Exploring  apigenin’s complex mechanism of action reveals a range of promising health benefits. Although further research is required, current evidence indicates that apigenin may be a valuable component of the healthy aging process.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

What does apigenin do?

Apigenin is a flavonoid found in plants that has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may modulate cellular pathways, promote apoptosis, and induce autophagy. Research suggests apigenin’s potential for supporting healthy aging, preventing diseases, and influencing various physiological processes, including neuroprotection, insulin secretion, and cardiovascular health.

Does apigenin affect serotonin?

Apigenin affects serotonin levels by interacting with the serotonin receptor system. While studies have explored apigenin’s impact on neurotransmitter pathways, more research is needed to completely understand the extent of its effects on serotonin, as individual responses may differ.

What time of day to take apigenin?

The optimal time to take apigenin depends on your specific health goals. However, because of its calming effect, it is best taken before bedtime.

Is it safe to take apigenin everyday?

Taking apigenin every day is considered safe when consumed from food sources. However, for apigenin supplements, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine safe daily dosages and frequency of use.

Can women take apigenin?

While women can generally consume apigenin from food, recent findings suggest caution for those on hormone replacement therapy. Apigenin may interact with progestin, and women using hormone replacement therapy should avoid pure apigenin supplements. 

Although they have similar mechanisms of action, there are differences between metformin and berberine. The main difference lies in the fact that metformin is registered as a medication, while berberine is a dietary supplement. To understand them better, let’s take a closer look at both substances.

Berberine vs Metformin: Discovery and Use

Berberine and metformin are both used in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. They have diverse historical origins and similar pharmacological characteristics.

Metformin was discovered in the 17th century from the french lilac, Galega officinalis. It appeared as a medication that lowers blood sugar and gained FDA approval in 1994. Its efficacy stems from activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reducing macrovascular complications in diabetes.

On the other hand, berberine dates back to Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine since 3000 BC. It is extracted from the plant Berberis vulgaris and used for various ailments, including hepatitis, diarrhea and dysentery. Berberine’s alkaloid composition positions it as a promising agent for metabolic diseases, lipid metabolism, and brain health.

Despite their distinct origins, both compounds share common therapeutic features for treating obesity, cardiovascular issues, and inflammation. 

Metformin vs Berberine: Health Benefits

Both compounds have the similar ability to activate AMPK and regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here is a comparison of their effects on metabolic health, weight loss, and anti-aging benefits.

Metabolic Health

Berberine and metformin exhibit similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action. Berberine enhances insulin sensitivity through stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Its ability to inhibit adipocyte proliferation further adds to its value in treating metabolic diseases and obesity.

Metformin shares the common mechanism of improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. Its mechanism involves the activation of AMPK, an enzyme that regulates cellular energy balance.

Even though both compounds affect enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, they differ in their specific actions. While berberine inhibits adipocyte proliferation, metformin’s main influence is on AMPK activation.

Weight Loss

Metformin and berberine both stimulate calorie restriction and weight loss. Shared mechanisms include the enhancement of insulin sensitivity, which increases glucose uptake and makes weight management easier. Both substances target pathways linked to metabolic regulation, which leads to better energy balance.

However, the key difference lies in their specific modes of action. Berberine possesses the unique ability to activate brown adipose tissue and promote thermogenesis. That process contributes to increased calorie expenditure. On the other side, metformin acts as an appetite suppressant, which contributes to reduced calorie intake. 

Anti-Aging Potential

Both compounds have attracted the attention of researchers for their promising anti-aging benefits. The activation of AMPK leads to improved mitochondrial function and cellular resilience, key factors in the aging process. Both berberine and metformin demonstrate potential for reducing oxidative stress, a major contributor to aging-related cellular damage.

The distinction in their anti-aging processes lies in berberine’s exceptional capacity to activate sirtuins. Sirtuins are longevity enzymes that regulate gene expression, DNA repair, as well as cellular stress response, and inflammation.

In contrast, metformin has the ability to modulate the gut microbiome, which may slow down the aging process.

Berberine vs Metformin Side Effects

In general, in human body berberine and metformin are well-tolerated. However, in certain cases both substances may manifest side effects. At higher doses, berberine may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, with nausea and diarrhea. As it influences lipid metabolism, there is potential for alterations in cholesterol levels.

Metformin is associated with gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea and abdominal discomfort, commonly observed during initial use. It has also been linked to vitamin B12 deficiency through prolonged use, which highlights the importance of monitoring nutritional status.

Conclusion

While both compounds are effective in treating metabolic conditions and weight control, research show that berberine exhibits fewer side effects. Before choosing which one to use, we advise you to consult your physician.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

Can you take berberine and metformin together?

Taking berberine and metformin together warrants careful consideration. Berberine and metformin have the same pathways in enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating glucose metabolism. However, combining these compounds may potentiate their individual effects and lead to hypoglycemia.

The combination of berberine and metformin with other medications may reduce their effectiveness or result in adverse effects. Therefore, it is important to use both berberine and metformin under the supervision of a physician.

 

How to use berberine for weight loss?

To ensure sustained blood levels, you can take a daily dosage of 500 to 1500 mg divided between meals. It is advisable to begin with a lower dose and gradually increase, monitoring tolerance and gastrointestinal reaction. Combining berberine supplementation with a balanced diet and regular exercise can amplify its weight loss effects. 

 

Can I take berberine and metformin together for PCOS?

Combining berberine and metformin may be a great therapeutic approach to managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, especially in addressing weight gain caused by insulin resistance. Berberine and metformin individually contribute to improved insulin sensitivity, the most important aspect of PCOS management.

Berberine’s unique potential to activate brown adipose tissue and influence sirtuins complements metformin’s function in activating AMPK. This combined action can enhance glucose regulation and mitigate insulin resistance, which is an element of PCOS pathophysiology.

 

Is it safe to replace metformin with berberine?

Berberine has been recognized as a safe alternative to metformin. While both compounds exhibit potent effects on insulin regulation, berberine’s lower incidence of adverse reactions makes it a more attractive option. 

 

Can you take berberine forever?

The long-term safety of sustained berberine supplementation remains an area of ongoing clinical trials. Berberine has shown promise in managing weight and metabolic health. Extended and continuous use of berberine, however, raises questions about its impact on tolerance development and any unforeseen effects. 

 

Does berberine mess with hormones?

Research suggests that berberine may contribute to lower androgen hormone levels, which could be relevant in treating PCOS. Apart from androgens, berberine increases levels of leptin, a hormone that controls appetite and energy regulation. 

Mitochondria are vital cell organelles found in most cells in the body. They are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Taking into account that the mitochondria generate around 90% of the energy in the body, it is easy to deduce that preventing mitochondrial decline is essential for maintaining good health.

The Mitochondrial Theory of Aging

The mitochondrial theory of aging postulates that progressive mitochondrial decline is a central determinant of the aging process. Mitochondria possess their own genetic material (mtDNA) and exhibit a limited capacity for DNA repair mechanisms. They are susceptible to oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS). The theory explains that the gradual accumulation of genetically compromised mitochondria over time is a key factor in the aging phenotype. Damaged mitochondria affect the energy budget, which leads to cellular dysfunction.

This theory highlights the bidirectional relationship between mitochondria and aging. It suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cellular senescence, while aging-related factors reciprocally exacerbate mitochondrial decline. The dysregulation of cellular energy production and the increased formation of reactive oxygen species are clear indicators of the correlation between mitochondria, aging, and metabolism.

What Is Mitochondrial Decline?

Mitochondrial decline refers to the gradual deterioration of mitochondria structure and function within cells. The major culprit for mitochondrial decline is the aging process, although many diseases can also contribute to this condition. 

This phenomenon is linked to dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, the metabolic process responsible for generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As we age, mitochondrial respiratory chain components experience alterations, resulting in diminished electron transport chain efficiency. The accumulation of oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins further exacerbates this decline, disrupting cellular bioenergetics. Ongoing research seeks to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial decline with a view toward developing solutions to reduce its impact on cellular function and longevity.

Mitochondrial Decline: Causes

Mitochondrial decline can occur for various reasons associated with aging. Some factors that contribute to mitochondrial decline include:

1. Aging: As cells age, the efficiency and function of mitochondria decrease. This decline in mitochondrial function leads to a reduction in energy production and further contributes to the aging process.
2. Genetic mutations: Mutations in mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that encode mitochondrial proteins also lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. These mutations can be inherited or developed over time.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental stressors, such as toxins, pollutants, or oxidative stress, can damage mitochondria and contribute to their decline.
4. Poor lifestyle habits: A sedentary lifestyle, a diet high in processed foods, and other unhealthy habits can negatively impact mitochondrial health.
5. Diseases: Certain disorders, including neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases can lead to mitochondrial decline.

Mitochondrial Decline: Symptoms

Mitochondrial decline is characterized by a spectrum of symptoms stemming from impaired cellular energy production. One hallmark manifestation is a decline in physical performances, often accompanied by fatigue, muscle weakness, and exercise intolerance.

As mitochondria are located in various tissues, their decline can lead to diverse clinical pictures, including neurological symptoms such as seizures, ataxia, and cognitive impairment. The high energy demand of organs such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles renders them particularly susceptible to the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction. This can cause a range of symptoms, such as cognitive decline, cardiac abnormalities, and myopathy. Besides, mitochondrial decline may manifest through different metabolic issues. Given the heterogeneity of mitochondrial disorders, the clinical presentation can vary, which makes an accurate diagnosis challenging. 

How to Reverse Mitochondrial Decline?

Mitochondrial damage can be reversed in early stages. Several vitamins, antioxidants and healthy strategies have been researched for their potential to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction. Let’s take a closer look at them:

Food Supplements

Several vitamins and supplements have been investigated for their potential to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) serves as a precursor for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). They are crucial cofactors in mitochondrial electron transport chain pathways. As a strong antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 has also been explored for its potential to support mitochondrial health. Other than that, carnitine, responsible for fatty acid transport into mitochondria for beta-oxidation, also takes part in improving mitochondrial decline.

Food Based on Healthy Fats

Consuming foods high in omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect on mitochondrial function. Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to membrane fluidity and enhance mitochondrial efficiency. Fatty fish, flaxseeds, avocados, and walnuts are great dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Exercise

Regular exercise has remarkable effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Physical activity induces mild cellular stress and triggers adaptive responses that enhance mitochondrial capacity. Both aerobic and resistance training have positive effects on mitochondrial health, promoting improvements in overall cellular energy production.

To Sum Up

Mitochondrial decline is a serious condition that can gradually lead to severe metabolic and neurological disorders. Fortunately, with appropriate lifestyle changes, mitochondrial decline can be completely reversed.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

 

What simple sugar is broken down in the mitochondria?

In the cytoplasm, glucose undergoes the process of glycolysis to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate is then transported into mitochondria, where it goes through further metabolic reactions to generate energy in the form of ATP.

What foods repair mitochondria?

Foods rich in antioxidants and nutrients support mitochondrial health. Eggs, leafy greens, fatty fish with omega-3 fatty acids, nuts, olive and coconut oil, and avocado contain valuable compounds that can help reduce oxidative stress and support mitochondrial function.

Can fasting repair mitochondria?

Fasting activates mitophagy, the process of removing damaged mitochondria. This, in turn, promotes the regeneration of healthy mitochondria. As well as intermittent fasting, certain types of calorie restriction are also beneficial for mitochondrial health and function.

Do fit people have more mitochondria?

Yes, fit individuals have a higher density of mitochondria in their cells. This increased presence of mitochondria is correlated with increased energy generation, better cellular function, and improved metabolic fitness.

Does autophagy repair mitochondria?

Yes, autophagy is essential for mitochondrial repair. Autophagy is a cellular process of recycling dysfunctional cellular components. Inducing autophagy through several strategies, such as calorie restriction or intermittent fasting, is associated with better mitochondrial performance and overall cellular health.

What kills mitochondria?

Different factors can cause mitochondrial damage. The number one factor is oxidative stress, but environmental toxins, prescription medications, and prolonged exposure to stress are also big contributors. Apart from them, alcohol consumption and genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA can also compromise mitochondrial integrity. These factors contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and potentially lead to cell damage and death.

What age does mitochondrial disease start?

Mitochondrial diseases can manifest at any age, and their onset may vary widely. Some of these disorders become apparent in early childhood, with symptoms like developmental delays, muscle weakness, and neurological abnormalities. However, other signs may not surface until adolescence or adulthood. The clinical picture can range from mild to severe, with symptoms that affect various organ systems.

How do you test for mitochondrial decline?

Assessing mitochondrial decline involves a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and specialized diagnostic procedures. The levels of lactate and pyruvate in the blood are good indicators of mitochondrial health. For the analysis of mitochondrial DNA mutations and their enzyme activities, a muscle biopsy is a widely used procedure. In certain cases, it is necessary to employ genetic testing to identify gene mutations associated with mitochondrial disorders.

What drugs should be avoided in mitochondrial disease?

Individuals with mitochondrial diseases should be cautious with drugs that deteriorate their function. Medications known to interfere with mitochondrias are:

• metformin
• certain antibiotics (e.g. aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and erythromycin);
• certain antiretroviral drugs;
• valproic acid (used in epilepsy);
• statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs).

If you want to avoid medications that may negatively impact your mitochondrial health, consult a physician with expertise in mitochondrial disorders.

Stem cells are cells that improve tissue regeneration and repair. They represent the core of research in regenerative medicine. During the aging process, the number of circulating stem cells reduces, while the body’s healing process becomes more challenging. 

In order to encourage their activation, there are several options we can take into account. But before diving deeper into each of them, let’s understand better stem cell activators.

What Are Stem Cell Activators?

Stem cells are undifferentiated. They possess the ability to divide and transform into specialized cell types, such as muscle, nerve, or blood cells.

In simple terms, stem cell activators are all agents that stimulate the body to activate stem cells. They influence key signaling pathways that modulate gene expression, causing a dormant cell to become an active stem cell.

The activation of stem cells holds immense therapeutic promise, particularly in treating degenerative diseases, injuries, and other medical conditions where tissue regeneration is crucial. As scientific research delves deeper into the nature of stem cells, their applications in regenerative medicine continue to expand.

The Best Stem Cell Activators

There are various ways for stem cell stimulation. Some of these are antioxidants, certain superfoods, and factors that cause hormetic stress in the body, such as intermittent fasting, exercise, and exposure to cold temperatures. Let us examine each of them in more detail:

Superfood 

Good food for stem cells encompasses a wide range of fruit, vegetables, nuts, and seafood. Here is a summary of important foods and the compounds they contain that activate stem cells:

1. Different kinds of berries: Rich in flavonoids – quercetin and anthocyanins; and polyphenolic compound – resveratrol.
2. Ginger: Contains phenolic compound gingerol, known for its anti-inflammatory properties.
3. Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, kale, cabbage, radish): Source of sulforaphane, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
4. Certain mushrooms, such as shiitake: Contain polysaccharides like beta-glucans.
5. Seed and nuts: Good good sources of polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids.
6. Seafood: Provides omega-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin.
7. Pomegranate: High in polyphenols, particularly punicalagins, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid.

Stem Cell Activator Supplements

Polyphenols and other antioxidants found in natural sources are typically less bioavailable. Fortunately, longevity supplements can help. Here is a breakdown of the most potent stem cell activator supplements:

1. Polyphenol Supplements

• Resveratrol: A powerful antioxidant found in red grapes, berries, and peanuts.
• Quercetin: Abundant in foods like apples, onions, and capers, quercetin possesses immense anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. 

Apart from stem cell activation, polyphenol supplements have strong anti-aging abilities. VANA’s Smart Liquid™ formula contains bioactive polyphenols with the addition of NMN, fisetin, and berberine. Besides its strong longevity effects, VANA represents a potent method of restoring your overall vitality from the inside.

2. Vitamins

• Vitamin D: Known as the “sunshine vitamin,” vitamin D is crucial for bone health and has been linked to stem cell activation. It interacts with receptors on the surface of stem cells, influencing their differentiation and function.
• Vitamin C: Aa an effective antioxidant, vitamin C supports the production of collagen and contributes to stem cell activation by promoting a favorable cellular microenvironment.

3. Curcumin

Derived from turmeric, curcumin is also a polyphenol with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin activates these cells by affecting the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and shields them from toxicity.

Intermittent Fasting

Intermittent fasting is one of the best stem cell activators as it activates them in several diverse ways: 

1. Inducing Autophagy

Intermittent fasting triggers a cellular process of recycling damaged cell components, known as autophagy. This process may activate stem cells by creating a more favorable cellular environment.

2. Increased Growth Hormone Levels

Fasting periods can lead to an increase in growth hormone levels, which is associated with stem cell activation.

3. Enhanced Metabolic Flexibility

During fasting, the body shifts from using glucose as a primary energy source to utilizing stored fats. As a result of changes in the cellular energy state, this metabolic switch may activate stem cells.

4. Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Intermittent fasting is associated with a decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which can negatively impact stem cell function. 

5. Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity

Fasting periods enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. Improved insulin sensitivity may boost activity of these unique cells.

6. Upregulation of Sirtuins

Sirtuins are enzymes responsible for numerous processes in cellular regulation. Intermittent fasting may upregulate the expression of sirtuins, contributing to the activation of stem cells and promoting longevity.

Cold Exposure

Cold exposure, such as cold showers or cryotherapy, has been linked to the activation of stem cells. The mechanism behind this phenomenon involves the body’s response to hormetic stress. When exposed to low temperatures, the body activates a survival mechanism. It triggers the release of stress hormones and increases sympathetic nervous system activity. This process activates stem cells.

Exercise and Sleep

The contribution of exercise and sleep to stem cell activation lies in an increase in growth hormone levels.

Regular exercise enhances the circulation of blood and growth hormones. On the other side, adequate sleep is essential for various physiological processes, including the release of growth hormones. Together, a balance between exercise and quality sleep creates an environment that supports the activation and functioning of these cells.

Stem Cell IV Therapy

Stem cell intravenous therapy involves the infusion of stem cells directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system to supply a concentrated dose of them. This therapeutic approach aims to enhance stem cell activation by facilitating their rapid delivery to damaged or degenerated tissues. The infused cells may then localize on areas of injury or inflammation and promote tissue regeneration. This innovative procedure holds potential for treating various inflammatory and degenerative diseases.

The Bottom Line

It is possible to efficiently activate stem cells in a variety of ways. If fasting and cold exposure seem like extreme methods, healthy foods undeniably bring multiple benefits to our health. Make sure your diet is rich in antioxidant-rich foods, and consider taking polyphenol supplements.

FAQ

Do stem cell activators really work?

The efficacy of stem cell activators is a subject of ongoing clinical trials. Even though some studies suggest promising results, further research is necessary. The effectiveness of stem cell activators may differ depending on a specific medical condition and individual body reaction. 

Can your body make more stem cells?

Yes, the human body has the unique ability to produce more stem cells. They can divide into identical stem cells and specialized cells with specific functions. This self-renewal capacity enables the continuous regeneration of various tissues and organs. While the pace of their production may vary across different tissues, their regeneration ability indisputably contributes to the maintenance of optimal health.

How do stem cells work?

These cells exhibit capability for self-renewal and differentiation. They can be divided into two types: pluripotent stem cells (possess the capability to differentiate into almost any cell type) and adult stem cells, which generate replacements for damaged cells.

Pluripotent stem cells lack tissue-specific characteristics but can transform into diverse cell types. On the other hand, adult stem cells evolve to specialized cells that reflect their tissue of origin. Factors secreted by cells, physical contact, and microenvironmental molecules play important roles in their differentiation. 

Which medications inhibit stem cell activation?

Several medications and treatments can influence or inhibit stem cell activation. For example:

1. Chemotherapy and radiation: While these treatments are potent against rapidly dividing cells, they can also affect healthy cells, including certain types of stem cells.
2. Immunosuppressant drugs: Medications used to suppress the immune system, such as those prescribed after organ transplantation, may impact the activity of certain stem cells.
3. Certain antibiotics: Some antibiotics, particularly those with toxic effects on dividing cells, might affect their function.

Medication effects on stem cells can differ, thus it is crucial to pay attention to dosage and duration of usage.

The definition of metabolic fitness says: “Metabolic fitness is the overall health and efficiency of an individual’s metabolism”. While metabolism is the set of biochemical processes that occur within an organism to maintain life, metabolic fitness involves the various aspects of health. To understand this topic better, let’s start with the aspects it covers.

So, What Is Metabolic Fitness?

The concept of metabolic fitness is a broader term that encompasses the overall efficacy of the metabolic processes in the body. It includes the conversion of food into energy, the utilization of nutrients, and the elimination of waste products. Metabolic fitness is closely linked to various aspects of health, including:

Nutrient Utilization 

Nutrient utilization is a fundamental aspect of metabolic fitness. It implies the efficient processing and utilization of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates obtained from food. These processes include enzymatic reactions that break down complex nutrients into simpler forms, making them easier to absorb. A healthy body effectively breaks down these nutrients to produce energy and support essential physiological functions. 

Energy Balance

It is the balance between the amount of energy obtained from food and the energy expended through physiological processes and activities. Achieving metabolic fitness means maintaining a balance where calorie consumption matches the body’s energy needs. A surplus of energy intake over expenditure usually leads to weight gain, while a deficit may lead to weight loss. Optimal energy balance is crucial for metabolic health. Consistent energy balance facilitates weight control and prevents metabolic disorders.

Blood Sugar Regulation

Blood sugar regulation refers to the precise control of glucose levels in the bloodstream. The coordinated action of insulin and glucagon are in the core of this process. In a metabolically fit state, insulin allows the uptake of glucose by cells for energy. This is how blood sugar stays within a healthy range. Dysregulation of this process leads to elevated blood sugar levels and an increased risk of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and even diabetes.

Lipid Metabolism 

The process by which the body breaks down lipids and uses them as fuel or stores as a reserve is known as lipid metabolism. Efficient lipid metabolism helps maintain a healthy balance of triglycerides and cholesterol. Lipid metabolism is a vital component of optimal cardiovascular health.

Hormone Regulation

Hormone release is controlled by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus. Their balanced secretion is vital for preventing metabolic disorders and maintaining overall health. Here is the overview of hormones crucial for metabolic health:

• Insulin is the primary hormone for maintaining blood sugar levels. It is released by the pancreas;
• Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), directly influence metabolic health, weight, body temperature, and energy levels;
• Leptin and ghrelin regulate appetite and energy balance;
• Sex hormones are not less important. While estrogen promotes fat storage and regulates insulin sensitivity, testosterone contributes to muscle mass development and energy expenditure.

In a metabolically fit state, these hormones work synergically to support efficient metabolism.

Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondria are the cellular organelles responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy source. ATP serves for muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Functional mitochondria efficiently convert nutrients from food into energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Impaired mitochondrial function can lead to decreased energy production. This is associated with fatigue, weakness, and various illnesses.

How to Improve Metabolic Fitness?

Metabolic fitness can be achieved through several lifestyle changes. First and foremost, it implies the implementation of regular metabolic exercise. Some of the exercises you can try include metabolic resistance training, high-intensity interval training and squats.

Carefully choose what you eat. Opt for food based on quality proteins and fats, and avoid carbohydrates. Combination of proteins and fats ensures better appetite control and body nutrition. Do not forget about antioxidants and other micronutrients. Although small, they can significantly improve many aspects of your health.

Apart from that, intermittent fasting and calorie restriction are excellent hormetic stressors that can help you boost metabolism.

Beyond the physical aspects, different mental health activities and stress reduction techniques can affect your overall metabolic health.

The Difference Between Metabolic Fitness and Metabolic Flexibility

Metabolic fitness refers to the overall state of an individual’s metabolism. It is a comprehensive concept that implies the body’s ability to maintain efficacy of metabolic processes, and prevent conditions like obesity and metabolic disorders.

On the other hand, metabolic flexibility refers to the body’s capacity to switch between different fuel sources for energy – carbohydrates and fats. In a metabolically flexible state, the body seamlessly transitions between utilizing glucose and fatty acids based on the availability of nutrients. This adaptability is vital for metabolic health as it allows the body to efficiently respond to varying dietary patterns.

Conclusion

The maintenance of a healthy metabolism is an important task that we must take care of throughout our lives. Every healthy habit we adopt brings us closer to metabolic fitness. Adopting healthy habits is not as difficult as it seems at first glance. It just takes some patience and persistence to significantly improve our metabolism, and therefore our overall health.

FAQ

How is metabolic fitness measured?

Measuring metabolic fitness involves assessing various physiological parameters that collectively reflect metabolism. Key indicators include body composition measurements, such as body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference. They provide insights into the relationship between weight and metabolic health.

Evaluating insulin sensitivity through methods like the oral glucose tolerance test reveals how effectively the body responds to insulin. It is a vital parameter for diagnosing conditions like insulin resistance and diabetes.

Besides, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) provides information about the amount of energy the body expends at rest. Fitness assessments, including aerobic capacity and muscle strength, offer insights into physical condition and metabolic efficiency. 

How do I know my metabolic type?

Determining your metabolic type involves observing your body’s unique characteristics and responses to diet and exercise. One widely recognized classification system is the somatotype theory, which categorizes individuals into three main body types: ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. Ectomorphs typically have a lean and slender build, with a fast metabolism. Mesomorphs are characterized by a more muscular and athletic physique. Endomorphs usually have a softer, rounder body shape with a slower metabolism..

Noticing how your body responds to different dietary patterns and exercise regimens can provide insights into your metabolic tendencies. Consider experimenting with varying ratios of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in your diet while monitoring energy levels, weight management, and overall well-being. Similarly, assessing your response to different types of exercise, whether it’s aerobic or resistance training, can help tailor your fitness routine to better suit your metabolic type. 

While somatotypes offer a broad framework, individual variations also exist. Consulting with a nutritionist or fitness professional can provide personalized guidance based on your specific metabolic needs and goals.

What are signs of slow metabolism?

One common indicator is persistent fatigue, as a slow metabolism may result in inefficient energy production. Weight gain or difficulty losing weight despite efforts in diet and exercise can also be indicative. Cold intolerance, brittle nails, and hair loss may reflect potential hormonal imbalances associated with the metabolic rate.

Irregularities in digestion, such as constipation or bloating, can be linked to a sluggish metabolism. Additionally, experiencing fluctuations in mood or difficulty concentrating may be related to energy imbalances stemming from metabolic slowdown. It’s essential to note that these signs are not exclusive to metabolic issues. It is advisable to consult healthcare professional for comprehensive assessment.